France says ‘Non’: Elites, Masses, and the Defeat of the European Constitutional Treaty
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v16i1.237Keywords:
Undergraduate research, Undergraduate research abroad, Education abroad, France, mass-elite gapAbstract
This article presents an undergraduate student research project on the existence and nature of the mass-elite gap conducted in France through the Institut d’Etudes Politique, “Sciences Po,” Paris program.
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References
Andreani, Jean-Louis and Thomas Ferenczi. “Les six themes-cles de la campagne.” Le Monde, 28 May, 2005.
Beauvais, Jean-Marie and Jean Philippe Fouquet. December 20, 2005. “Referendum du 29 mai: le clivage centristes/extremistes gomme le clivage gauche/droite.” Paris: CEVIPOF. http://www.cevipof.msh- paris.fr/publications/notes_etudes.html
Bjorklund, Tor. 1996. The Three Nordic 1994 Referenda concerning Membership in the EU. Cooperation and Confl ict 31 (1): 11–36.
Blondel, Jean, Richard Sinnott and Palle Svensson. 1998. People and Parliament in the European Union: Participation, Democracy and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brun-Rovet, Etienne and Sabine Plaud, “Les enjeux de la Constitution europeenne.” Le Monde, 25 April, 2005.
Chevenement, Jean-Pierre. 2005. Pour L’Europe votez Non! Paris: Fayard.
Cornelius, Stephane, Patrick Jarreau et Arnaud Leparmentier. “Un oui de gauche contre un non de gauche.” Le Monde, 7 May, 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “Europe: Apres le PS, l’UMP se mobilise pour le referendum a haut risque du 29 mai.” Les Echos, 6 March, 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “Jacques Chirac s’addresse aux Francais dans une ultime tentative pour inverser la tendance.” Les Echos, 26 May 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “La Constitution permettra a l’Europe de se proteger de ‘la mondialisation ultra-liberale’. Les Echos 15 April 2005.
Courtois, Gerard. “Phillippe de Villiers: <<Un non d’avenir pour mettre l’Europe d’aplomb>>.” Le Monde, 5 April, 2005.
Dalton, Russel J. 2003. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies (3rd Ed.). New York: Seven Bridges Press.
Defrance, Anne-Lise. “L’Attac decortique le traite grace a la linguistique.” Le Monde, 7 May, 2005.
Delacroix, Guillaume. “Cent patrons appellent a ne pas voter <<non>> au referendum.” Les Echos, 19 May 2005.
Duhamel, Olivier. 2005. Des Raisons du <<Non>>. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Duhamel, Olivier. 2005. Pour L’Europe: La Constitution Europeenne explique et commentee. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Economist Intelligence Unit. “The political scene: Dutch voters overwhelmingly reject EU constitutional treaty.” June 6th, 2005.
Eurobarometer. The European Constitution: Post-referendum surveys in Spain, France and the Netherlands. March, June 2005. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/.
Fabius, Laurent. 2004. Une certaine idee de l’Europe. Paris: Plon.
Ferenczi, Thomas. “Desenchantement.” Le Monde, 31 May, 2005.
Ferenczi, Thomas. “L’Europe elargie s’est dotee d’une Constitution aprement negociee.” Le Monde, 20 June, 2004.
Fouteau, Carine. “Lionel Jospin juge les <<non>> “incompatibles” et “irrealistes.” Les Echos, 24 May 2005.
Franklin, Mark, Michael Marsh and Lauren McLaren. 1994. Uncorking the Bottle: Popular Opposition to European Unifi cation in the Wake of Maastricht. Journal of Common Market Studies 32 (4): 455–472.
Franklin, Mark, Michael Marsh, and Christopher Wlezien. 1994. Attitudes toward Europe and Referendum Votes: A Response to Siune and Svensson. Electoral Studies 13(2):117–121.
Freyssenet, Elsa. “Chirac defend une Constitutiton <<d’inspiration francaise>>. Les Echos, 4 May, 2005.
Freyssenet, Elsa. “Le Oui remonte chez les Socialistes.” Les Echos, 3 May 2005
Furbury, Pierre-Alain. “Europe: le referendum sur le Traite constitutionnel pourrait etre organise fi n mai.” Les Echos, 1 March 2005.
Furbury, Pierre Alain. “Jacques Chirac durcit a nouveau le ton contre la directive Bolkestein.” Les Echos, 16 March, 2005
Garry, John, Michael Marsh and Richard Sinnott. 2004. ‘Second-order’ versus ‘Issue-voting’ in EU Referendums: Evidence from the Irish Nice Treaty Referendum. European Politics. 6 (2): 201–222.
Genereux, Jacques. 2004. Manuel critique du parfait Europeen: Les bonnes raisons de dire <<Non>> a la Constitution. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Genereux, Jacques. 2005. Sens et Consequences du <<Non>> Francais. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Gurrey, Beatrice and Martine Silber. “A Barcelone, Jacques Chirac ouvre les campagnes de referendums europeens.” Le Monde, 13 February, 2005.
Hintermann, Eric. “Le Non serait la fi n de L’Europe.” Le Monde 27 April, 2005.
Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 2004. Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration? PS: Politics and Political Science 37 (3): 415–420.
http://www.conseilconstitutionnel.fr/dossier/presidentielles/2002/documents/
http://www.frontnational.com/tractsaffi ches/referendum/tryptique.pdf>
http://www.lesechos.fr/info/rew_inter/index_euro_campa.htm
http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/dossiers/d_referendum2005.htm
Huber, John and GB Powell. 1994. “Congruence Between Citizens and Policy Makers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy.” World Politics, Vol. 46, No.3. pp. 291–326.
Hug, Simon. 2002. Voices of Europe: Citizens, Referendums, and European Integration. Lanham (MD.): Rowman and Littlefi eld Publishers.
Hug, Simon and Pascal, Sciarini. 2000. Referendums on European Integration. Do Institutions Matter in the Voter’s Decision? Comparative Political Studies 33(1): 3–36.
Jacubyszyn, Christophe. “Le gouvernement et L’UMP changent leur argumentaire sur la Constitution.” Le Monde, 7 April, 2005.
Jenssen, Anders Todal, Pertii Pesonen, and Mikael Gilljam, eds. 1998. To Join or Not to Join. Three Nordic Referendums on Membership in the European Union. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Le Monde. “Chirac s’avoue desorienter par le <<pessimisme>> des jeunes.” Le Monde, 16 April, 2005.
Le Monde. “Chirac: un referendum sur la Constitution europeenne en 2005.” Le Monde, 15 July, 2004.
Le Monde. “Fabius l’illusionniste.” Le Monde, 24 May, 2005.
Le Monde. “Forte pression francaise contre la directive Bolkestein.” Le Monde, 2 February, 2005.
Le Monde. “Francois Hollande et Nicolas Sarkozy au secours du oui.” Le Monde, 13 May, 2005.
Le Monde. “M. Chirac souhaiterait avancer la date du referendum sur la Constitution.” Le Monde, 16 February, 2005
Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mathieu, Benedicte.“Les ouvrages sur la Constitution s’imposent comme de veritables succes de librairie.” Le Monde, April 27, 2005.
Morel, Laurence. 1996. France: Towards a Less Controversial Use of the Referendum? Pp. 66–85 in Michael Gallagher and Pier Vicenzo Uleri, eds. 1996. The Referendum Experience in Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Nijeboer, Arjen. “People’s Vengeance: The Dutch Referendum” in European Constitutional Law Review, 1:393–405, 2005. 402.
Pecresse, Jean-Francois. “Le gouvernement agite la menace d’une crise economique en cas de victoire du <<non>>. Les Echos, 19 May 2005
Pierce, Roy, Henry Valen and Ola Listhaug. 1983. Referendum Voting Behavior: The Norwegian and British Referenda on Membership in the European Community. American Journal of Political Science 27 (February): 43–63.
Potet, Frederic. “Le beau metier de plombier.” Le Monde, 15 May 2005.
Przeworski, Adam, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin, eds. 1999. Democracy, Accountability and Representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Qvortrup, Mads. 2002. A Comparative study of referendums: government by the people. New York: Manchester University Press.
Schneider, Gerald and Patricia A. Weitsman. 1996. The Punishment Trap: Integration Referendums As Popularity Contests. Comparative Political Studies 28 (4): 582–607.
Senneville, Valerie de. “Le <<non>> repasse en tete dans plusieurs sondages.” Les Echos, 17 May 2005.
Siune, Karen and Palle Svensson. 1993. The Danes and the Maastricht Treaty: The Danish EC Referendum of June 1992. Electoral Studies 12 (2): 99–111.
Stimson, James A, Michael B. MacKuen, Robert S. Erikson. 1995. Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89 (3): 543–565.
Stimson, James A. 2004. Tides of Consent: How Public Opinion Shapes American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique. 2004. Oui! Lettre ouverte aux enfants de l’Europe. Paris: Grasset.
Suksi, Markku. 1993. Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Beauvais, Jean-Marie and Jean Philippe Fouquet. December 20, 2005. “Referendum du 29 mai: le clivage centristes/extremistes gomme le clivage gauche/droite.” Paris: CEVIPOF. http://www.cevipof.msh- paris.fr/publications/notes_etudes.html
Bjorklund, Tor. 1996. The Three Nordic 1994 Referenda concerning Membership in the EU. Cooperation and Confl ict 31 (1): 11–36.
Blondel, Jean, Richard Sinnott and Palle Svensson. 1998. People and Parliament in the European Union: Participation, Democracy and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brun-Rovet, Etienne and Sabine Plaud, “Les enjeux de la Constitution europeenne.” Le Monde, 25 April, 2005.
Chevenement, Jean-Pierre. 2005. Pour L’Europe votez Non! Paris: Fayard.
Cornelius, Stephane, Patrick Jarreau et Arnaud Leparmentier. “Un oui de gauche contre un non de gauche.” Le Monde, 7 May, 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “Europe: Apres le PS, l’UMP se mobilise pour le referendum a haut risque du 29 mai.” Les Echos, 6 March, 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “Jacques Chirac s’addresse aux Francais dans une ultime tentative pour inverser la tendance.” Les Echos, 26 May 2005.
Cornudet, Cecile. “La Constitution permettra a l’Europe de se proteger de ‘la mondialisation ultra-liberale’. Les Echos 15 April 2005.
Courtois, Gerard. “Phillippe de Villiers: <<Un non d’avenir pour mettre l’Europe d’aplomb>>.” Le Monde, 5 April, 2005.
Dalton, Russel J. 2003. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies (3rd Ed.). New York: Seven Bridges Press.
Defrance, Anne-Lise. “L’Attac decortique le traite grace a la linguistique.” Le Monde, 7 May, 2005.
Delacroix, Guillaume. “Cent patrons appellent a ne pas voter <<non>> au referendum.” Les Echos, 19 May 2005.
Duhamel, Olivier. 2005. Des Raisons du <<Non>>. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Duhamel, Olivier. 2005. Pour L’Europe: La Constitution Europeenne explique et commentee. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Economist Intelligence Unit. “The political scene: Dutch voters overwhelmingly reject EU constitutional treaty.” June 6th, 2005.
Eurobarometer. The European Constitution: Post-referendum surveys in Spain, France and the Netherlands. March, June 2005. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/.
Fabius, Laurent. 2004. Une certaine idee de l’Europe. Paris: Plon.
Ferenczi, Thomas. “Desenchantement.” Le Monde, 31 May, 2005.
Ferenczi, Thomas. “L’Europe elargie s’est dotee d’une Constitution aprement negociee.” Le Monde, 20 June, 2004.
Fouteau, Carine. “Lionel Jospin juge les <<non>> “incompatibles” et “irrealistes.” Les Echos, 24 May 2005.
Franklin, Mark, Michael Marsh and Lauren McLaren. 1994. Uncorking the Bottle: Popular Opposition to European Unifi cation in the Wake of Maastricht. Journal of Common Market Studies 32 (4): 455–472.
Franklin, Mark, Michael Marsh, and Christopher Wlezien. 1994. Attitudes toward Europe and Referendum Votes: A Response to Siune and Svensson. Electoral Studies 13(2):117–121.
Freyssenet, Elsa. “Chirac defend une Constitutiton <<d’inspiration francaise>>. Les Echos, 4 May, 2005.
Freyssenet, Elsa. “Le Oui remonte chez les Socialistes.” Les Echos, 3 May 2005
Furbury, Pierre-Alain. “Europe: le referendum sur le Traite constitutionnel pourrait etre organise fi n mai.” Les Echos, 1 March 2005.
Furbury, Pierre Alain. “Jacques Chirac durcit a nouveau le ton contre la directive Bolkestein.” Les Echos, 16 March, 2005
Garry, John, Michael Marsh and Richard Sinnott. 2004. ‘Second-order’ versus ‘Issue-voting’ in EU Referendums: Evidence from the Irish Nice Treaty Referendum. European Politics. 6 (2): 201–222.
Genereux, Jacques. 2004. Manuel critique du parfait Europeen: Les bonnes raisons de dire <<Non>> a la Constitution. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Genereux, Jacques. 2005. Sens et Consequences du <<Non>> Francais. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Gurrey, Beatrice and Martine Silber. “A Barcelone, Jacques Chirac ouvre les campagnes de referendums europeens.” Le Monde, 13 February, 2005.
Hintermann, Eric. “Le Non serait la fi n de L’Europe.” Le Monde 27 April, 2005.
Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 2004. Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration? PS: Politics and Political Science 37 (3): 415–420.
http://www.conseilconstitutionnel.fr/dossier/presidentielles/2002/documents/
http://www.frontnational.com/tractsaffi ches/referendum/tryptique.pdf>
http://www.lesechos.fr/info/rew_inter/index_euro_campa.htm
http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/dossiers/d_referendum2005.htm
Huber, John and GB Powell. 1994. “Congruence Between Citizens and Policy Makers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy.” World Politics, Vol. 46, No.3. pp. 291–326.
Hug, Simon. 2002. Voices of Europe: Citizens, Referendums, and European Integration. Lanham (MD.): Rowman and Littlefi eld Publishers.
Hug, Simon and Pascal, Sciarini. 2000. Referendums on European Integration. Do Institutions Matter in the Voter’s Decision? Comparative Political Studies 33(1): 3–36.
Jacubyszyn, Christophe. “Le gouvernement et L’UMP changent leur argumentaire sur la Constitution.” Le Monde, 7 April, 2005.
Jenssen, Anders Todal, Pertii Pesonen, and Mikael Gilljam, eds. 1998. To Join or Not to Join. Three Nordic Referendums on Membership in the European Union. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Le Monde. “Chirac s’avoue desorienter par le <<pessimisme>> des jeunes.” Le Monde, 16 April, 2005.
Le Monde. “Chirac: un referendum sur la Constitution europeenne en 2005.” Le Monde, 15 July, 2004.
Le Monde. “Fabius l’illusionniste.” Le Monde, 24 May, 2005.
Le Monde. “Forte pression francaise contre la directive Bolkestein.” Le Monde, 2 February, 2005.
Le Monde. “Francois Hollande et Nicolas Sarkozy au secours du oui.” Le Monde, 13 May, 2005.
Le Monde. “M. Chirac souhaiterait avancer la date du referendum sur la Constitution.” Le Monde, 16 February, 2005
Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mathieu, Benedicte.“Les ouvrages sur la Constitution s’imposent comme de veritables succes de librairie.” Le Monde, April 27, 2005.
Morel, Laurence. 1996. France: Towards a Less Controversial Use of the Referendum? Pp. 66–85 in Michael Gallagher and Pier Vicenzo Uleri, eds. 1996. The Referendum Experience in Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Nijeboer, Arjen. “People’s Vengeance: The Dutch Referendum” in European Constitutional Law Review, 1:393–405, 2005. 402.
Pecresse, Jean-Francois. “Le gouvernement agite la menace d’une crise economique en cas de victoire du <<non>>. Les Echos, 19 May 2005
Pierce, Roy, Henry Valen and Ola Listhaug. 1983. Referendum Voting Behavior: The Norwegian and British Referenda on Membership in the European Community. American Journal of Political Science 27 (February): 43–63.
Potet, Frederic. “Le beau metier de plombier.” Le Monde, 15 May 2005.
Przeworski, Adam, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin, eds. 1999. Democracy, Accountability and Representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Qvortrup, Mads. 2002. A Comparative study of referendums: government by the people. New York: Manchester University Press.
Schneider, Gerald and Patricia A. Weitsman. 1996. The Punishment Trap: Integration Referendums As Popularity Contests. Comparative Political Studies 28 (4): 582–607.
Senneville, Valerie de. “Le <<non>> repasse en tete dans plusieurs sondages.” Les Echos, 17 May 2005.
Siune, Karen and Palle Svensson. 1993. The Danes and the Maastricht Treaty: The Danish EC Referendum of June 1992. Electoral Studies 12 (2): 99–111.
Stimson, James A, Michael B. MacKuen, Robert S. Erikson. 1995. Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89 (3): 543–565.
Stimson, James A. 2004. Tides of Consent: How Public Opinion Shapes American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique. 2004. Oui! Lettre ouverte aux enfants de l’Europe. Paris: Grasset.
Suksi, Markku. 1993. Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Published
2008-12-19
How to Cite
Nossiter, J. (2008). France says ‘Non’: Elites, Masses, and the Defeat of the European Constitutional Treaty. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 16(1), 91–122. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v16i1.237
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