African Homestays and Community Engagement: A Case Study on Reciprocity and Neocolonialism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v34i3.679Keywords:
Kenya, Africa, neocolonial, reciprocity, homestayAbstract
Do homestays benefit host communities, perpetuate neocolonial relationships, or both? While the St. Lawrence Kenya-Semester Program (KSP) has centered homestays as an essential component of experiential learning and community engagement since 1972, this article flips the script and places homestay families at the center of knowledge production on study abroad. Drawn from 15 years of homestay experiences in Nyeri and Kericho counties, we situate this program as an important case study to analyze host community perceptions of the benefits and challenges of homestays for rural agricultural Kenyan communities and the implications this has for study abroad assessment and community engagement.
Abstract in Swahili
Je, mpango wa wanafunzi wa kigeni kuishi kwenye nyumba za wenyeji husaidia jamii husika au hushadidia mahusiano ya kikoloni mamboleo ama yote mawili? Programu ya Chuo Kikuu cha St. Lawrence ya Kenya (KSP) imeuwekea uzito mpango wa wanafunzi kuishi kwa jamii wenyeji kama kipengele muhimu katika ujifunzaji wao wa kitajriba na mtagusano wao na jamii kutoka mwaka 1972. Ingawaje, makala haya yamebadilisha mtazamo na kuziona familia zinazohusika katika programu hii kama vituo muhimu vya uzalishaji wa maarifa katika masomo ya ughaibuni. Tukizingatia tajriba ya miaka 15 ya KSP kupeleka wanafunzi kuishi na jamii katika kaunti za Nyeri na Kericho, tunaitazama hii programu kama kifani muhimu cha kuchanganua mitazamo ya jamii wenyeji kuhusu faida na changamoto za wanafunzi kuishi na familia za wakulima vijijini na pia katika kutahini programu za masomo ya ughaibuni na mtagusano wa kijamii.
Downloads
References
Agar, M.H. (1984). Qualitative Research Method series: Speaking of ethnography. SAGE Publications.
Adichie, C. N. (2009). The danger of a single story [video]. TED conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_ngozi_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story
Adkins, R. & Messerly, B. (2019). Toward decolonizing education abroad: Moving beyond the self/other dichotomy. Opportunities for continuity and disruption along the education continuum. In Brewer, E. &., Ogden, T. (Eds.). Education abroad and the undergraduate experience: Critical approaches to integration with student learning and development (pp. 73-19). Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Aijazi, O., Amburgey, E., Limbu, B., Suji, M., Binks, J., Balaz-Munn, C., & Shneiderman, S. (2021). The Ethnography of Collaboration: Navigating Power Relationships in Joint Research. Collaborative Anthropologies, 13(2), 56-99. http://doi.org/10.1353/cla.2021.0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cla.2021.0003
Amutabi, M. N. (2013). The NGO factor in Africa: the case of arrested development in Kenya. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203960707
Bandyopadhyay, R. (2019). Volunteer tourism and “The White Man’s Burden”: globalization
of suffering, white savior complex, religion and modernity. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578361
Berman, B. J., Cottrell, J., & Ghai, Y. (2009). Patrons, clients, and constitutions: ethnic politics and political reform in Kenya. Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines, 43(3), 462-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2010.9707567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2010.9707567
Blundo, G., de-Sardan, J. P. O., Arifari, N. B., & Alou, M. T. (2006). Everyday corruption and the state: Citizens and public officials in Africa. Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350219984
Branch, D. (2011). Kenya: Between hope and despair, 1963-2011. Yale University Press.
Brass, J. N. (2016). Allies or adversaries: NGOs and the state in Africa. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316678527
Bruner, E. M. (2001). The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity, nationalism, and globalization in African tourism. American Ethnologist, 28(4), 881-908. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.4.881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.4.881
Carotenuto, M. & Luongo, K. (2016). Obama and Kenya: Contested histories and the politics of belonging. Ohio University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224tv05
Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G., & Willis, J. (2016). Decentralisation in Kenya: The governance of governors. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X1500097X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X1500097X
Coffman, J. E., & Brennan, K. (2003). African Studies abroad: Meaning and impact of America’s burgeoning export industry. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of study Abroad, 9(1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v9i1.118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v9i1.118
Coffman, J.& Miroslava, P. (2021). "“Doing good” and doing it quickly in East African study abroad programs.” In Bodinger de Uriarte, J. J. & Di Giovine, A. Study abroad and the quest for an anti-tourism experience, (pp.41-66). Roman Littlefield.
Collins, L. (2019). Letting the village be the teacher: A look at community-based learning in northern Thailand. Teaching in higher education: Critical perspectives, 24(5), 694-708. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1579708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1579708
D'Arcy, M. & Cornell, A. (2016). Devolution and corruption in Kenya: Everyone's turn to eat? African Affairs, 115(459), 246-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adw002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adw002
Ely, M. (1991). Doing Qualitative Research: Circles within Circles. London: The Falmer Press.
Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I. & Shaw, L.L. (2001). Participant observation and fieldnotes. IN Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. (eds.) Handbook of ethnography. Sage Publications Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608337.n24
Gonzalez, K. M. R. (2021). Host Community Perspectives on Short-Term Study Abroad: Literature Review Using Watson's Theoretical Perspective. International Journal for Human Caring, 25(4), 306-314. https://doi.org10.20467/HumanCaring-D-20-00056
Grain, K., Katumba, T., Kirumira, D., Nakasiita, R., Nakayenga, S., Nankya, E., ... & Ssegawa, M. (2019). Co-constructing knowledge in Uganda: Host community conceptions of relationships in international service-learning. Journal of Experiential Education, 42(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825918820677 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825918820677
Gross, Z. (2015). (De)constructing whiteness, power, and 'Others' with access: International development and transnational interracial intimacies in East Africa. Critical Race & Whiteness Studies, 11(1), 1-19.
Hartman, E. (2015) Fair Trade Learning: A Framework for Ethical Global Partnerships, in
Larsen, M. International service learning: Engaging host communities, (pp. 215-234). Routledge.
Hartman, E., Paris, C. M., & Blache-Cohen, B. (2012). Tourism and transparency-navigating ethical risks in volunteerism with fair trade learning. Africa Insight, 42(2), 157-168. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC129879
Hartman, E., Kiely, R. C., Friedrichs, J., & Boettcher, C. (2018). Community-based global learning: The theory and practice of ethical engagement at home and abroad. Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Hartman, E., Pillard R. N., Ferrarini, C., Messmore, N., Evans, S., Al-Ebrahim, B., &Brown, J. M. (2020). Coloniality-decoloniality and critical global citizenship: Identity, belonging, and education abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of study Abroad, 32(1), 33-59. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i1.433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i1.433
Hearn, J. (2007). African NGOs: the new compradors?. Development and change, 38(6), 1095-1110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x
Kanyinga, K. (2016). Devolution and the new politics of development in Kenya. African Studies Review, 59(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.85 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.85
Keim, C., & Somerville, C. (2018). Mistaking Africa: Curiosities and inventions of the American mind. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494994
Larsen, M. (Ed.). (2015). International service learning: Engaging host communities. Routledge.
Lloyd, D. T. (2000). African Studies and study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 6(1), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v6i1.82 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v6i1.82
Lynch, G. (2011). I say to you: Ethnic politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226498096.001.0001
Mathers, K. (2010). Travel, humanitarianism, and becoming American in Africa. Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115583
Mohajeri, N. E., & Dwyer, M. (2005). Testing assumptions: The impact of two study abroad program models. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of study Abroad, 11(1), 121-142. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v11i1.154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v11i1.154
Mwaura, G. M. (2017). Just farming? Neoliberal subjectivities and agricultural livelihoods among educated youth in Kenya. Development and change, 48(6), 1310-1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12342
Ntarangwi, M. (2000). Education, tourism, or just a visit to the wild?. African Issues, 28(1-2), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1548450500006867 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1548450500006867
Odiara Kihima, B. (2015). Domestic tourism in Kenya: Trends, initiatives and practices. Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est/The East African Review, (50), 22-39. https://doi.org/10.4000/eastafrica.289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/eastafrica.289
Ogden, A. (2007). The view from the veranda: Understanding today’s colonial student. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of study Abroad, 15(1), 35-56. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v15i1.215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v15i1.215
Onguny, P. (2020). The politics behind Kenya’s Building Bridges Initiative (BBI): Vindu vichenjanga or sound and fury, signifying nothing? Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des études africaines, 54(3), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2020.1832898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2020.1832898
Ochieng' Opalo, K. (2022). Formalizing Clientelism in Kenya: From Harambee to the Constituency Development Fund. World Development, 152, 105794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105794
O'Sullivan, M., & Smaller, H. (2019). ISL programs and neo-colonialism: The response of one Nicaraguan village. Comparative and International Education, 47(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v47i2.9328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v47i2.9328
Pierre, J. (2020). The racial vernaculars of development: A view from West Africa. American Anthropologist, 122(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13352
Robinson, P. & Brown, H. (1994). Developing an approach to integrated study in a non-western context: The St. Lawrence University Kenya Semester Program. In Lloyd, A. & Samatar, A. (Eds.)., African Studies and the undergraduate curriculum. Lynne Rienner, 231-243.
Shadle, B. L. (2015). The souls of white folk: White settlers in Kenya, 1900s–1920s. Manchester University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719095344.001.0001
Thieme, T., Ference, M. E., & Van S. N. (2021). Harnessing the ‘hustle’: Struggle, solidarities and narratives of work in Nairobi and beyond Introduction. Africa, 91(1),1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972020000819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972020000819
Villarreal Sosa, L., & Lesniewski, J. (2021). “De-colonizing study abroad: social workers confronting racism, sexism and poverty in Guatemala.” Social Work Education, 40(6), 719-736. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1770719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1770719
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Michael Wairungu, Matthew Carotenuto, Njau Kibochi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.