Government Factors Influencing an Expansion of Study Abroad in the Middle East/North Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v24i1.340Keywords:
Government factors, Study abroad, Middle-East, Education abroadAbstract
Since the late 1950s, both the U.S. government and the general population have acknowledged an immediate need for a deepening of U.S. American knowledge of the people, languages, and culture of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Particularly in the fallout of the events of September 11, 2001, one means for U.S. undergraduates have expanded their understanding of this region has been through participation in Study Abroad (study abroad) programs. Despite the large amount of research on outcomes and educational approaches used in study abroad in general, there is little literature which addresses the relationship between national security concerns and study abroad in the MENA region. The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which federal legislation has connected higher education to national security interests through provisions of federal funding for Area Studies and study abroad in less common destinations, and to discuss the influence of factors such as career motivations, scholarship support, and concern for U.S. national security on the decision to study abroad in the MENA region
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References
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Brecht, R. D. & Walton, A. (2001). National language needs and capacities: a recommendation for action.” In P. O'Meara, H.D. Mehlinger & R. M. Newman (Eds.), Changing perspectives on international education, (pp. 103-117). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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Brewer, P. A. (2006). National interest frames and public opinion about world affairs. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11, 89-102.
Calhoun, C., LiPuma, E., & Postone, M. (Eds). (1993). Introduction: Bourdieu and Social Theory. In Bourdieu: critical perspectives, (pp. 1-13). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chieffo, L. & Griffiths, L. (2004). Large-scale assessment of student attitudes after a short-term study abroad program. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 165-177.
Daly, A. J. & Barker, M. C. (2005). Australian and New Zealand university student’s participation in international exchange programs. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 26-41.
Desruisseaux, P. (2000). From controversy to quiet prosperity, federal foreign study effort is a survivor. The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 7. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from
http://chronicle.com/article/From-Controversy-to-Quiet/35243/
DesJardins, S. L. & Toutkoushian, R.K. (2005). Are students really rational? The development of rational thought and its application to student choice. In Smart, J.C (Ed.) Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, (pp. 191-240). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dewey, D., Belnap, R. Kirk, Hillstrom, R. (2012-13). Social network development, language use, and language acquisition during study abroad: Arabic language learners’ perspectives. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22, 84-110.
Eder, J. (2010). Exploring factors influencing student study abroad destination choice. Journal of
Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10, 232-250.
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http://www.forumea.org/EducationAbroadGlossary2ndEdition2011.cfm.
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for Higher Education, 17, 189-215.
Goldstein, S. B. & Kim, R.I. (2006). Predictors of US college students' participation in study abroad
programs: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 507-521.
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Khoury, P. S. (2000). Current Developments and Future Directions in Middle Eastern Studies. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 6, 117-126.
Kolb, C. (2009). International studies and foreign languages: a critical American Priority. In R. Lewin (Ed.) The handbook of practice and research in study abroad: Higher education and the quest for global citizenship, (pp. 49-60). New York: Routledge.
Kramer, M. (2004).Title VI: Turn on the defogger. Sandstorm. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from
http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/2004_03_17.htm.
Larsen, D. & Dutschke, D. (2010). Campus internationalization and study abroad. In W.W. Hoffa and S. DePaul (Ed.s) A history of US study abroad: 1965-present, (pp. 325-368). Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Ludden, D. (2000). Area studies in the age of globalization. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 6, 1-22.
Manski, C. F. (1993). Dynamic choice in social settings. Journal of Econometrics, 58, 121–136.(MESA) Middle East Studies Association. (2011). Potential cuts to Title VI and Fulbright Hays funding. MESA board letters and statements. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from
http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/about/statements.htm#funding41811
Mitchell, T. (2004). “The Middle East in the past and future of social science.” In D. L. Szanton (Ed.) The politics of knowledge: area studies and the disciplines, (pp. 74-118). Berkeley: University of California Press.(NSEP) National Security Education Program. (2007). 2007 annual report. Retrieved September 14, 2010, from
http://www.nsep.gov/support/2007%20Annual%20Report.pdf (NSEP) National Security
Education Program. (2009). 2008-09 annual report. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from
http://www.nsep.gov/about/support/nsep2008.pdf
O’Connell, M. E. & J. L. Norwood (Eds.). (2007). International education and foreign languages: keys to securing America's future. Washington D.C.: The National Academics Press.
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Ogden, A.C., Soneson, H.M., & Weting, P. (2010).The diversification of geographic location. In W.W. Hoffa and S. DePaul (Eds.). A history of US study abroad: 1965-present, (pp. 161-198).
Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Open Doors, Institute of International Education. (2009). 2009 report on international educational exchange. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=150833.
Open Doors, Institute of International Education. (2010). 2010 fast facts. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from http://www.iie.org/en/Research-and-Publications/Open-Doors
Palmer, J. (2012-13). Intercultural competence and language variety on study abroad programs: L2 learners of Arabic. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22, 58-83.
Perna, L.W. (2006). Studying college access and choice: A proposed conceptual model. In J.C. Smart (Ed.) Higher education: handbook of theory and research, (pp. 99-157). New York: Springer Press.
Public Law 85-864. (1958). National defense education act (NDEA). United States statutes at large,
72, 1580-1605.
Relyea, C., Cocchiara, F.K. & Studdard, N.L. (2008). The effect of perceived value in the decision to participate in study abroad programs. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 19, 346-361.
Riddle, W. C. (1992). National security education act of 1991: summary and analysis. CRS report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Salisbury, M., Umbach, P., Paulsen, M., & Pascerella, E. (2008). Going global: Understanding the choice process of the intent to study abroad. Research in Higher Education, 50, 119-143.
Sanchez, C.M., Fornerino, M., & Zhang, M. (2006).Motivations and the intent to study abroad among U.S., French, and Chinese students. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 18, 27-52.
Sauermann, H. (2004). Vocational choice: a decision making perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 273-303.
Spracher, W.C. (2009). National security intelligence professional education: A map of U.S. Civilian university programs and competencies (Doctoral dissertation). The George Washington University.
U.S. Congress. Senate. (2004). Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Section 7112. S. 2485. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from http://www.nctc.gov/docs/pl108_458.pdf
Van Hoof, H.B. and Verbeeten, M. (2005). Wine is for drinking, water is for washing: student opinions about international exchange programs. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 42-60.
Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Ney York: Wiley.
Wells, R. (2006). Nontraditional study abroad destinations: analysis of a trend. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 13, 113-133.
Whitehead, K. D. (2004). Learning the language: Title VI is in need of reform. The National Review Online. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/whitehead200401140823.asp
Wiley, D. (2001). Forty years of the Title VI and Fulbright-Hays international education Programs: building the nation’s international experience for a global future.” In P. O’Meara, H.D. Mehlinger & R.M. Newman (Eds.) Changing perspective on international education, (pp. 11-29). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 356-371.
Zernike, K. (2011). 9/11 inspires student patriotism and celebration. The New York Times. May 3. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/us/04youth.html?pagewanted=2&hp
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 242-258). New York: Greenwood Press.
Bradshaw Durrant, M. & Rasmussen Dorius, C. (2007) Study abroad survey instruments: a comparison of survey types and experiences. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 33-53.
Brecht, R. D. & Walton, A. (2001). National language needs and capacities: a recommendation for action.” In P. O'Meara, H.D. Mehlinger & R. M. Newman (Eds.), Changing perspectives on international education, (pp. 103-117). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Brecht, R. D. & Rivers, W.P. (2000). Language and national security in the 21st century: The role of Title VI/Fulbright-Hays in supporting national language capacity. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Brewer, P. A. (2006). National interest frames and public opinion about world affairs. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11, 89-102.
Calhoun, C., LiPuma, E., & Postone, M. (Eds). (1993). Introduction: Bourdieu and Social Theory. In Bourdieu: critical perspectives, (pp. 1-13). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chieffo, L. & Griffiths, L. (2004). Large-scale assessment of student attitudes after a short-term study abroad program. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 165-177.
Daly, A. J. & Barker, M. C. (2005). Australian and New Zealand university student’s participation in international exchange programs. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 26-41.
Desruisseaux, P. (2000). From controversy to quiet prosperity, federal foreign study effort is a survivor. The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 7. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from
http://chronicle.com/article/From-Controversy-to-Quiet/35243/
DesJardins, S. L. & Toutkoushian, R.K. (2005). Are students really rational? The development of rational thought and its application to student choice. In Smart, J.C (Ed.) Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, (pp. 191-240). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dewey, D., Belnap, R. Kirk, Hillstrom, R. (2012-13). Social network development, language use, and language acquisition during study abroad: Arabic language learners’ perspectives. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22, 84-110.
Eder, J. (2010). Exploring factors influencing student study abroad destination choice. Journal of
Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10, 232-250.
Ferguson, C. A. (1964). Language study and the Middle East. ANNALS of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, 356, 76-85.
Forum on Education Abroad. Education Abroad Glossary. Section 2.1. Learning Outside of the Home
Campus. Retrieved December 13, 2013 from
http://www.forumea.org/EducationAbroadGlossary2ndEdition2011.cfm.
Garver, M. S. and Divine, R. L. (2007). Conjoint analysis of study abroad preferences: key
attributes, segments and implications for increasing student participation. Journal of Marketing
for Higher Education, 17, 189-215.
Goldstein, S. B. & Kim, R.I. (2006). Predictors of US college students' participation in study abroad
programs: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 507-521.
Goodman, A. (2009). Forward. In R. Lewin (Ed.) The handbook of practice and research in study
abroad: Higher education and the quest for global citizenship (pp. ix-x). New York: Routledge.
Hajjar, L. & Niva, S. (1997). (Re)made in the USA: Middle East studies in the global era. Middle
East Report, 205. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www.merip.org/mer/mer205/remade.htm
Hines, R. (2001). An overview of Title VI. In P. O'Meara, H.D. Mehlinger & R. M. Newman
(Eds.), Changing perspectives on international education (pp. 6-10). Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Hoffa, W. W. & DePaul, S.C. (Eds.). (2010). Study abroad: 1965-present. Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Institute of International Education. (IIE) (2007). Current trends in U.S. study abroad & the impact of strategic diversity issues. IIE Study Abroad White Paper Series, 1.
Institute of International Education. (IIE) (2009a).Expanding study abroad capacity at U.S. colleges and universities. IIE Study Abroad White Paper Series, 6.
Institute of International Education. (IIE) (2009b) Expanding U.S. study abroad in the arab world: Challenges and opportunities. IIE Study Abroad White Paper Series, 4.
Institute of International Education. (IIE) (2010a).Benjamin A. Gilman international scholarship. About the Program. Retrieved September 26, 2010, from
http://www.iie.org/en/Programs/Gilman-Scholarship-Program/About-the-Program
Institute of International Education. (IIE) (2010b) Press release: Campuses report early indication
that study abroad is rising. Press Center. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from
http://www.iie.org/en/Who-We-Are/News-and-Events/Press-Center/Press-Releases/2010/2010-
11-15-Fall-2010-Study-Abroad-Snapshot-Survey
Keller, J. M. & Frain, M. (2010). The impact of geo-political events, globalization, and national policies on study abroad programming and participation.” In W.W. Hoffa and S. DePaul (Eds) A history of US study abroad: 1965-present, (pp. 15-54). Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Khoury, P. S. (2000). Current Developments and Future Directions in Middle Eastern Studies. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 6, 117-126.
Kolb, C. (2009). International studies and foreign languages: a critical American Priority. In R. Lewin (Ed.) The handbook of practice and research in study abroad: Higher education and the quest for global citizenship, (pp. 49-60). New York: Routledge.
Kramer, M. (2004).Title VI: Turn on the defogger. Sandstorm. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from
http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/2004_03_17.htm.
Larsen, D. & Dutschke, D. (2010). Campus internationalization and study abroad. In W.W. Hoffa and S. DePaul (Ed.s) A history of US study abroad: 1965-present, (pp. 325-368). Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Ludden, D. (2000). Area studies in the age of globalization. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 6, 1-22.
Manski, C. F. (1993). Dynamic choice in social settings. Journal of Econometrics, 58, 121–136.(MESA) Middle East Studies Association. (2011). Potential cuts to Title VI and Fulbright Hays funding. MESA board letters and statements. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from
http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/about/statements.htm#funding41811
Mitchell, T. (2004). “The Middle East in the past and future of social science.” In D. L. Szanton (Ed.) The politics of knowledge: area studies and the disciplines, (pp. 74-118). Berkeley: University of California Press.(NSEP) National Security Education Program. (2007). 2007 annual report. Retrieved September 14, 2010, from
http://www.nsep.gov/support/2007%20Annual%20Report.pdf (NSEP) National Security
Education Program. (2009). 2008-09 annual report. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from
http://www.nsep.gov/about/support/nsep2008.pdf
O’Connell, M. E. & J. L. Norwood (Eds.). (2007). International education and foreign languages: keys to securing America's future. Washington D.C.: The National Academics Press.
Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education. (2008). International education programs service, Title VI programs: building a U.S. international education infrastructure. Retrieved September 19, 2010, from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/iegps/titlesix.html
Ogden, A.C., Soneson, H.M., & Weting, P. (2010).The diversification of geographic location. In W.W. Hoffa and S. DePaul (Eds.). A history of US study abroad: 1965-present, (pp. 161-198).
Carlisle, PA: Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad.
Open Doors, Institute of International Education. (2009). 2009 report on international educational exchange. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=150833.
Open Doors, Institute of International Education. (2010). 2010 fast facts. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from http://www.iie.org/en/Research-and-Publications/Open-Doors
Palmer, J. (2012-13). Intercultural competence and language variety on study abroad programs: L2 learners of Arabic. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22, 58-83.
Perna, L.W. (2006). Studying college access and choice: A proposed conceptual model. In J.C. Smart (Ed.) Higher education: handbook of theory and research, (pp. 99-157). New York: Springer Press.
Public Law 85-864. (1958). National defense education act (NDEA). United States statutes at large,
72, 1580-1605.
Relyea, C., Cocchiara, F.K. & Studdard, N.L. (2008). The effect of perceived value in the decision to participate in study abroad programs. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 19, 346-361.
Riddle, W. C. (1992). National security education act of 1991: summary and analysis. CRS report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Salisbury, M., Umbach, P., Paulsen, M., & Pascerella, E. (2008). Going global: Understanding the choice process of the intent to study abroad. Research in Higher Education, 50, 119-143.
Sanchez, C.M., Fornerino, M., & Zhang, M. (2006).Motivations and the intent to study abroad among U.S., French, and Chinese students. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 18, 27-52.
Sauermann, H. (2004). Vocational choice: a decision making perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 273-303.
Spracher, W.C. (2009). National security intelligence professional education: A map of U.S. Civilian university programs and competencies (Doctoral dissertation). The George Washington University.
U.S. Congress. Senate. (2004). Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Section 7112. S. 2485. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from http://www.nctc.gov/docs/pl108_458.pdf
Van Hoof, H.B. and Verbeeten, M. (2005). Wine is for drinking, water is for washing: student opinions about international exchange programs. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 42-60.
Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Ney York: Wiley.
Wells, R. (2006). Nontraditional study abroad destinations: analysis of a trend. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 13, 113-133.
Whitehead, K. D. (2004). Learning the language: Title VI is in need of reform. The National Review Online. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/whitehead200401140823.asp
Wiley, D. (2001). Forty years of the Title VI and Fulbright-Hays international education Programs: building the nation’s international experience for a global future.” In P. O’Meara, H.D. Mehlinger & R.M. Newman (Eds.) Changing perspective on international education, (pp. 11-29). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 356-371.
Zernike, K. (2011). 9/11 inspires student patriotism and celebration. The New York Times. May 3. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/us/04youth.html?pagewanted=2&hp
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Published
2014-08-15
How to Cite
Lane-Toomey, C. (2014). Government Factors Influencing an Expansion of Study Abroad in the Middle East/North Africa. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 24(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v24i1.340
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