Language Learning and Study Abroad: The European Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v4i1.67Keywords:
Study abroad, residence abroad, EuropeAbstract
The purpose of the present paper is to describe, for a North American audience, how “study abroad” or “residence abroad” is understood in the European context. Here, it is not merely an educational matter: the historical, geographical and political context of Europe has an important influence on the rationale for student residence abroad and on its organisation. As well as highlighting differences from the American context, the paper will describe features of current practice, focusing particularly on the United Kingdom, for several reasons. Residence abroad has been a compulsory part of most degrees in modern languages in the UK for many years, the UK has larger numbers of students involved in the process, and the evaluation of residence abroad has arguably been more systematic than elsewhere in Europe, where residence abroad is normally optional, is not closely integrated into the degree structure, and (at least until recently) has carried little or no weight within the credit structure of the degree. Finally, I shall review the published research into residence abroad, especially with regard to foreign language proficiency and to intercultural competence. The paper is divided into four sections dealing respectively with the European context, residence abroad in Europe, UK specific information, and research findings.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Alderson, J. C. & R. Crawshaw. (1990). Language Needs and Language Preparedness of ERASMUS Students. Unpublished paper, University of Lancaster.
Aldridge, E.-M. 1995. Séjour en primaire. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 167-176. London: AFLS/CILT.
Allison, M. & M.-A. Hintze. 1995. Preparing for the Year Abroad: bain de langue ou bain de vie? The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 91-109. London: AFLS/CILT.
Barro, A. & Grimm, H. 1993. Integrating Language Learning and Cultural Studies: An ethnographic approach to the year abroad. Integrating New Approaches: The Teaching of French in Higher Education eds. J.A. Coleman & A. Rouxeville, 147-164. London: AFLS/CILT.
Barro, A., S. Jordan & C. Roberts. 1998. Cultural Practice in Everyday Life: the language learner as ethnographer. Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective ed. M. Byram & M. Fleming, 76-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Batardière, M.-T. 1993. Research Study on Affective and Environmental Factors of Older Learners during Second Language Immersion. Teanga 13: 41-53.
Baumgratz-Gangl, G. 1990. Mobility of Students in Europe. Linguistic and Socio-Cultural Conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Baumgratz-Gangl, G. (1993). Compétence transculturelle et échanges éducatifs. Paris: Hachette.
Berger, C. 1997. Des lycéens et l’anglais. Représentations sociales d’une langue étrangère. Sens et valeur formatrice d’une discipline. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris XIII.
Byram, M. 1988. A Year in France. Durham: University of Durham.
Byram, M. 1989. Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education. Clevedon/Philadelphia/ Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. (ed.). 1997. Face to Face: Learning “Language-and-Culture” Through Visits and Exchanges. London: CILT.
Byram, M. & V. Esarte-Sarries. 1991. Investigating Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Teaching. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide, Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M., V. Esarte-Sarries & S. Taylor. 1991. Cultural Studies and Language Learning: a research report. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M., C. Morgan & Colleagues. 1994. Teaching-and-Learning Language-and-Culture. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. & G. Zarate, G. (eds.). 1997. The Sociocultural and Intercultural Dimension of Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Byram, M., G. Zarate, & G. Neuner. 1997. Sociocultural Competence in Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Cain, A. 1990. French Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of Foreign Cultures. Language Learning Journal, September: 48-52.
Chambers, G. 1994. A Snapshot in Motivation at 10+, 13+ and 16+. Language Learning Journal 9: 14-18.
Coleman, J.A. 1995. The Current State of Knowledge Concerning Student Residence Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 17-42. London: AFLS/CILT.
Coleman, J.A. 1996a. Studying Languages: a survey of British and European students. The proficiency, background, attitudes and motivations of students of foreign languages in the United Kingdom and Europe. London: CILT.
Coleman, J.A. 1996b. A Comparative Study of the Proficiency and Progress of Language Learners in British Universities. Der C-Test.Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen Vol.3, ed. by R. Grotjahn, 367-399. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Coleman, J.A. 1997. Residence Abroad within Language Study. Language Teaching 30, 1: 1-20.
Coleman, J.A. 1998a. Evolving Intercultural Perceptions Among University Language Learners in Europe. Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective eds. M. Byram & M. Fleming, 45-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coleman, J.A. 1998b. Student Preparation for Residence Abroad: Two stages in acquiring cross-cultural capability. Cross-Cultural Capability: the Why, the Ways, the Means — New Theories and Methodologies in Language Education, Proceedings of the Conference held at Leeds Metropolitan University, 15-16 December 1997, eds. D. Killick & M. Parry, 32-44. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University.
Convey, F. 1995 The Stay Abroad: Objectives, Strategies, Outcomes. TheYear Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 127-152. London: AFLS/CILT.
Cormeraie, S. 1995. Cross-Cultural Training: Perceptions and personal Growth. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 61-75. London: AFLS/CILT.
Dueñas-Tancred, M. & I. Weber-Newth. 1995. Profiling and Accrediting the Year Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 110-126. London: AFLS/CILT.
Dyson, P. (1988). The Effect on Linguistic Competence of the Year Spent Abroad by Students Studying French, German and Spanish at Degree Level. Oxford: Oxford University Language Teaching Centre.
Freed, B. 1995. What Makes Us Think that Students Who Study Abroad Become Fluent? Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context ed. by B.F. Freed, 123-148. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
Gomes Da Costa, B., T.M.F. Smith & D. Whitely. (1975). German Language Attainment: A Sample Survey of Universities and Colleges in the UK. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
Harper, J. E. T., & S. Cormeraie. 1995. Mergers, Marriages and After: how can training help? Journal of European Industrial Training 19, 1: 24-9.
HEFCE. 1996. Subject overview reports, Quality Assessment of French (2/96), German and related languages (3/96), Iberian languages and studies (4/96), Italian (5/96), Russian and Eastern European languages and studies (7/96). Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England.
HMI (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate). 1989. Modern Languages in Polytechnics and Colleges: A Survey of Good Practice.
Holec, H. 1994. Self-Directed Learning: an alternative form of training. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Inkster, G. 1993. Integrating the Year Abroad. Integrating New Approaches: The Teaching of French in Higher Education eds. J.A. Coleman & A. Rouxeville, 133-145. London: AFLS/CILT.
Jamieson, D. 1995. Preparation for Assistantship in France: Student-led Interactive Multimedia Projects. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 177-193. London: AFLS/CILT.
Jordan, S. & A. Barro. 1995. The Effect of Ethnographic Training on the Year Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 76-90. London: AFLS/CILT.
Kennedy, F. & K. Schröder. 1992. Foreign Language Learning Experience, Foreign Language Learning Motivation and European Multilingualism. An Irish approach, with reference to findings in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Die Neueren Sprachen 91: 434-52.
Kloss, G. & U. Zemke. 1987. Foreign Language Competence and Cultural Awareness: Students in European Higher Education Exchanges and Work Placements, U.K. Study. Manchester: University of Manchester Centre for European Studies. Laudet, C. 1993. Oral Performance of ERASMUS Students: an assessment. Teanga 13,: 13-28.
Lennon, P. 1990a. Investigating Fluency in EFL: A Quantitative Approach. Language Learning 40, 3: 387-417.
Lennon, P. 1990b. The Advanced Learner at Large in the L2 Community: Developments in Spoken Performance. IRAL 28, 4: 309-324.
Lennon, P. 1995. Assessing Short-term Change in Advanced Oral proficiency: Problems of Reliability and Validity in Four Case Studies. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 109-110: 75-109.
Lillie, E. 1994. Abroad Alone? Student Experience on Study Placements in Continental Europe. Paper presented to Society for Research in Higher Education conference, University of York, December 1994.
Little, D. 1994. Strategic Competence Considered in Relation to Strategic Control of the Language Learning Process. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Mauranen, A., & R. Markkanen. 1994. Students Abroad: Aspects of Exchange Students’ Language. Finlance 13: i-vii..
Meara, P. 1994 The Year Abroad and its Effects. Language Learning Journal 10: 32-38.
Milton, J. & P. Meara. 1995. How Periods Abroad Affect Vocabulary Growth in a Foreign Language. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 107-108:17-34.
Möhle, D., & M. Raupach. 1983. Planen in der Fremdsprache. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Möhle, D. 1984. A Comparison of the Second Language Speech Production of Different Native Speakers. Second Language Productions eds. H.-W. Dechert, D. Möhle & M. Raupach. Tübingen: Günter Narr.
Morgan, C. 1993. Attitude Change and Foreign Language Culture Learning. Language Teaching 26, 2: 63-75.
Murphy-Lejeune, E. The Student Strangers: Aspects of Cross-Cultural Adaptation in the Case of International Students. Some Preliminary Findings. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 43-60. London: AFLS/CILT.
Noreiko, S. 1995 The Year Abroad: Questions of Evaluation. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 194-207. London: AFLS/CILT.
Opper, S., U. Teichler, & J. Carlson (eds.). 1990. Impact of Study Abroad Programmes on Students and Graduates. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Parker, G. & A. Rouxeville (eds.). 1995a. The Year Abroad: preparation, monitoring, evaluation, current research and development. London: AFLS/CILT.
Parker, G. & A. Rouxeville. 1995b. Abroad in Foreign Lands: Theories and Practices. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 9-16. London: AFLS/CILT.
Raffaldini, T. 1987. Attrition of Communicative Ability among Former Year Abroad Students of French. PhD thesis, Indiana University.
Raupach, M. (1987). Procedural Learning in Advanced Learners of a Foreign Language. The Advanced Language Learner eds. J.A. Coleman & R. Towell, 123-55. London: CILT.
Regan, V. 1995. The Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Native Speech Norms: effects of a year abroad on L2 learners of French. Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context ed. B.F. Freed, 245-67. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rider, M. 1995. The Structured Study Visit: An Alternative to the Year Abroad in a Three Year Degree. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 153-166. London: AFLS/CILT.
Roberts, C. 1997. The Year Abroad as an Ethnographic Experience. Face to face: learning “language-and-culture” through visits and exchanges ed. M. Byram, 62-76. London: CILT.
Schröder, K. & K. Macht. 1983. Wieviele Sprachen für Europa? Fremdsprachen-unterricht, Fremdsprachenlernen und europäische Sprachenvielfalt im Urteil von Studierenden des Grundstudiums in Deutschland, Belgien und Finnland. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg (Augsburger I und I Schriften, Band 24).
Sercu, L. (ed.). 1995. Intercultural Competence. A New Challenge for Language Teachers and Trainers in Europe. Aalborg: Aalborg Univesity Press.
Singleton, D. & E. Singleton. 1992. University-level Learners of Spanish in Ireland. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin (Centre for Language and Comnmunication Studies Occasional Paper No. 35).
Teichler, U. 1997. The ERASMUS Experience. Major findings of the ERASMUS evaluation research. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Towell, R. 1994. The Growth of Linguistic Knowledge and Language processing in Advanced Language Learning. Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching eds. G. Doble & P. Fawcett, 1-25. Bradford: Department of Modern Languages, University of Bradford (Bradford Occasional Papers no.13).
Towell, R. 1995. Development of Fluency During the Year Abroad. Paper presented to the annual conference of the Society for French Studies, University of Hull, April 1995.
Towell, R., R. Hawkins & N. Bazergui. 1996. The Development of Fluency in Advanced Learners of French. Applied Linguistics 17, 1: 84- 119.
Walsh, R. 1994. The Year Abroad — A Linguistic Challenge. Teanga 14:48-57.
Willis, F.M., G. Doble, U. Sankarayya & A. Smithers. (1977). Residence Abroad and the Student of Modern Languages: a preliminary survey. Bradford: University of Bradford, Modern Languages Centre.
Aldridge, E.-M. 1995. Séjour en primaire. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 167-176. London: AFLS/CILT.
Allison, M. & M.-A. Hintze. 1995. Preparing for the Year Abroad: bain de langue ou bain de vie? The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 91-109. London: AFLS/CILT.
Barro, A. & Grimm, H. 1993. Integrating Language Learning and Cultural Studies: An ethnographic approach to the year abroad. Integrating New Approaches: The Teaching of French in Higher Education eds. J.A. Coleman & A. Rouxeville, 147-164. London: AFLS/CILT.
Barro, A., S. Jordan & C. Roberts. 1998. Cultural Practice in Everyday Life: the language learner as ethnographer. Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective ed. M. Byram & M. Fleming, 76-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Batardière, M.-T. 1993. Research Study on Affective and Environmental Factors of Older Learners during Second Language Immersion. Teanga 13: 41-53.
Baumgratz-Gangl, G. 1990. Mobility of Students in Europe. Linguistic and Socio-Cultural Conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Baumgratz-Gangl, G. (1993). Compétence transculturelle et échanges éducatifs. Paris: Hachette.
Berger, C. 1997. Des lycéens et l’anglais. Représentations sociales d’une langue étrangère. Sens et valeur formatrice d’une discipline. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris XIII.
Byram, M. 1988. A Year in France. Durham: University of Durham.
Byram, M. 1989. Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education. Clevedon/Philadelphia/ Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. (ed.). 1997. Face to Face: Learning “Language-and-Culture” Through Visits and Exchanges. London: CILT.
Byram, M. & V. Esarte-Sarries. 1991. Investigating Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Teaching. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide, Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M., V. Esarte-Sarries & S. Taylor. 1991. Cultural Studies and Language Learning: a research report. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M., C. Morgan & Colleagues. 1994. Teaching-and-Learning Language-and-Culture. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. & G. Zarate, G. (eds.). 1997. The Sociocultural and Intercultural Dimension of Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Byram, M., G. Zarate, & G. Neuner. 1997. Sociocultural Competence in Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Cain, A. 1990. French Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of Foreign Cultures. Language Learning Journal, September: 48-52.
Chambers, G. 1994. A Snapshot in Motivation at 10+, 13+ and 16+. Language Learning Journal 9: 14-18.
Coleman, J.A. 1995. The Current State of Knowledge Concerning Student Residence Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 17-42. London: AFLS/CILT.
Coleman, J.A. 1996a. Studying Languages: a survey of British and European students. The proficiency, background, attitudes and motivations of students of foreign languages in the United Kingdom and Europe. London: CILT.
Coleman, J.A. 1996b. A Comparative Study of the Proficiency and Progress of Language Learners in British Universities. Der C-Test.Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen Vol.3, ed. by R. Grotjahn, 367-399. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Coleman, J.A. 1997. Residence Abroad within Language Study. Language Teaching 30, 1: 1-20.
Coleman, J.A. 1998a. Evolving Intercultural Perceptions Among University Language Learners in Europe. Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective eds. M. Byram & M. Fleming, 45-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coleman, J.A. 1998b. Student Preparation for Residence Abroad: Two stages in acquiring cross-cultural capability. Cross-Cultural Capability: the Why, the Ways, the Means — New Theories and Methodologies in Language Education, Proceedings of the Conference held at Leeds Metropolitan University, 15-16 December 1997, eds. D. Killick & M. Parry, 32-44. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University.
Convey, F. 1995 The Stay Abroad: Objectives, Strategies, Outcomes. TheYear Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 127-152. London: AFLS/CILT.
Cormeraie, S. 1995. Cross-Cultural Training: Perceptions and personal Growth. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 61-75. London: AFLS/CILT.
Dueñas-Tancred, M. & I. Weber-Newth. 1995. Profiling and Accrediting the Year Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 110-126. London: AFLS/CILT.
Dyson, P. (1988). The Effect on Linguistic Competence of the Year Spent Abroad by Students Studying French, German and Spanish at Degree Level. Oxford: Oxford University Language Teaching Centre.
Freed, B. 1995. What Makes Us Think that Students Who Study Abroad Become Fluent? Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context ed. by B.F. Freed, 123-148. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
Gomes Da Costa, B., T.M.F. Smith & D. Whitely. (1975). German Language Attainment: A Sample Survey of Universities and Colleges in the UK. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
Harper, J. E. T., & S. Cormeraie. 1995. Mergers, Marriages and After: how can training help? Journal of European Industrial Training 19, 1: 24-9.
HEFCE. 1996. Subject overview reports, Quality Assessment of French (2/96), German and related languages (3/96), Iberian languages and studies (4/96), Italian (5/96), Russian and Eastern European languages and studies (7/96). Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England.
HMI (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate). 1989. Modern Languages in Polytechnics and Colleges: A Survey of Good Practice.
Holec, H. 1994. Self-Directed Learning: an alternative form of training. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Inkster, G. 1993. Integrating the Year Abroad. Integrating New Approaches: The Teaching of French in Higher Education eds. J.A. Coleman & A. Rouxeville, 133-145. London: AFLS/CILT.
Jamieson, D. 1995. Preparation for Assistantship in France: Student-led Interactive Multimedia Projects. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 177-193. London: AFLS/CILT.
Jordan, S. & A. Barro. 1995. The Effect of Ethnographic Training on the Year Abroad. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 76-90. London: AFLS/CILT.
Kennedy, F. & K. Schröder. 1992. Foreign Language Learning Experience, Foreign Language Learning Motivation and European Multilingualism. An Irish approach, with reference to findings in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Die Neueren Sprachen 91: 434-52.
Kloss, G. & U. Zemke. 1987. Foreign Language Competence and Cultural Awareness: Students in European Higher Education Exchanges and Work Placements, U.K. Study. Manchester: University of Manchester Centre for European Studies. Laudet, C. 1993. Oral Performance of ERASMUS Students: an assessment. Teanga 13,: 13-28.
Lennon, P. 1990a. Investigating Fluency in EFL: A Quantitative Approach. Language Learning 40, 3: 387-417.
Lennon, P. 1990b. The Advanced Learner at Large in the L2 Community: Developments in Spoken Performance. IRAL 28, 4: 309-324.
Lennon, P. 1995. Assessing Short-term Change in Advanced Oral proficiency: Problems of Reliability and Validity in Four Case Studies. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 109-110: 75-109.
Lillie, E. 1994. Abroad Alone? Student Experience on Study Placements in Continental Europe. Paper presented to Society for Research in Higher Education conference, University of York, December 1994.
Little, D. 1994. Strategic Competence Considered in Relation to Strategic Control of the Language Learning Process. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Mauranen, A., & R. Markkanen. 1994. Students Abroad: Aspects of Exchange Students’ Language. Finlance 13: i-vii..
Meara, P. 1994 The Year Abroad and its Effects. Language Learning Journal 10: 32-38.
Milton, J. & P. Meara. 1995. How Periods Abroad Affect Vocabulary Growth in a Foreign Language. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 107-108:17-34.
Möhle, D., & M. Raupach. 1983. Planen in der Fremdsprache. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Möhle, D. 1984. A Comparison of the Second Language Speech Production of Different Native Speakers. Second Language Productions eds. H.-W. Dechert, D. Möhle & M. Raupach. Tübingen: Günter Narr.
Morgan, C. 1993. Attitude Change and Foreign Language Culture Learning. Language Teaching 26, 2: 63-75.
Murphy-Lejeune, E. The Student Strangers: Aspects of Cross-Cultural Adaptation in the Case of International Students. Some Preliminary Findings. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 43-60. London: AFLS/CILT.
Noreiko, S. 1995 The Year Abroad: Questions of Evaluation. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 194-207. London: AFLS/CILT.
Opper, S., U. Teichler, & J. Carlson (eds.). 1990. Impact of Study Abroad Programmes on Students and Graduates. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Parker, G. & A. Rouxeville (eds.). 1995a. The Year Abroad: preparation, monitoring, evaluation, current research and development. London: AFLS/CILT.
Parker, G. & A. Rouxeville. 1995b. Abroad in Foreign Lands: Theories and Practices. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 9-16. London: AFLS/CILT.
Raffaldini, T. 1987. Attrition of Communicative Ability among Former Year Abroad Students of French. PhD thesis, Indiana University.
Raupach, M. (1987). Procedural Learning in Advanced Learners of a Foreign Language. The Advanced Language Learner eds. J.A. Coleman & R. Towell, 123-55. London: CILT.
Regan, V. 1995. The Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Native Speech Norms: effects of a year abroad on L2 learners of French. Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context ed. B.F. Freed, 245-67. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rider, M. 1995. The Structured Study Visit: An Alternative to the Year Abroad in a Three Year Degree. The Year Abroad eds. G. Parker & A. Rouxeville, 153-166. London: AFLS/CILT.
Roberts, C. 1997. The Year Abroad as an Ethnographic Experience. Face to face: learning “language-and-culture” through visits and exchanges ed. M. Byram, 62-76. London: CILT.
Schröder, K. & K. Macht. 1983. Wieviele Sprachen für Europa? Fremdsprachen-unterricht, Fremdsprachenlernen und europäische Sprachenvielfalt im Urteil von Studierenden des Grundstudiums in Deutschland, Belgien und Finnland. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg (Augsburger I und I Schriften, Band 24).
Sercu, L. (ed.). 1995. Intercultural Competence. A New Challenge for Language Teachers and Trainers in Europe. Aalborg: Aalborg Univesity Press.
Singleton, D. & E. Singleton. 1992. University-level Learners of Spanish in Ireland. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin (Centre for Language and Comnmunication Studies Occasional Paper No. 35).
Teichler, U. 1997. The ERASMUS Experience. Major findings of the ERASMUS evaluation research. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Towell, R. 1994. The Growth of Linguistic Knowledge and Language processing in Advanced Language Learning. Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching eds. G. Doble & P. Fawcett, 1-25. Bradford: Department of Modern Languages, University of Bradford (Bradford Occasional Papers no.13).
Towell, R. 1995. Development of Fluency During the Year Abroad. Paper presented to the annual conference of the Society for French Studies, University of Hull, April 1995.
Towell, R., R. Hawkins & N. Bazergui. 1996. The Development of Fluency in Advanced Learners of French. Applied Linguistics 17, 1: 84- 119.
Walsh, R. 1994. The Year Abroad — A Linguistic Challenge. Teanga 14:48-57.
Willis, F.M., G. Doble, U. Sankarayya & A. Smithers. (1977). Residence Abroad and the Student of Modern Languages: a preliminary survey. Bradford: University of Bradford, Modern Languages Centre.
Downloads
Published
1998-11-15
How to Cite
Coleman , J. A. (1998). Language Learning and Study Abroad: The European Perspective. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4(1), 167–203. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v4i1.67
Issue
Section
Research Articles
