“And Still We Rise…”: Microaggressions and Intersectionality in the Study Abroad Experiences of Black Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v26i1.367Keywords:
Microaggressions, Intersectionality, Study abroad, Black womenAbstract
Racial microaggressions are racial slights and subtle insults aimed at people of color. Such affronts, though often unintentional, have been documented to come at great psychic, emotional, and physical cost to the targeted individuals. The term microaggression is also applied to women or other groups in society who experience oppression. These insults have been documented in the context of education for years. Though it has been established that students of color often face racial microaggressions on their home campuses, this phenomenon has not been explored in the context of study abroad. How this experience is further complicated by the intersection of gender, race, and other aspects of social identities was the premise of the following study that utilized the Black feminist construct of intersectionality to explore the experiences of 19 African American women who studied abroad through community college programs in three regions: the Mediterranean, West Africa and the British Isles. Findings include experiences of microaggressions by U.S. peers, in-country hosts and in several instances, situations of sexual harassment. Implications and recommendations for study abroad practitioners include discussion of the diversity of community college students, the extension of campus climate to the study abroad program, and the urgent need for critically reflexive staff and faculty equipped to respond effectively to microaggressions.
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References
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Angelou, M. (1978). And Still I Rise. New York City, NY: Random House.
Angelous, M. (1986). Poems. New York City, NY: Bantam.
Angelou, M. (2009). Letter to My Daughter. New York City, NY: Random House.
Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139.
Beausoleil, A. (2008). Understanding heritage and ethnic identity development through study abroad: The case of South Korea (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3330411)
Bennett, M. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R .M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Bennett, M. J. (2009). Defining, measuring, and facilitating intercultural learning: A conceptual introduction to the intercultural education double supplement. Intercultural Education, 20, 1-13. doi:10.1080/14675980903370763
Brux, J. M., & Fry, B. (2009). Multicultural students in study abroad: their interests, their issues, and their constraints. Journal of Studies in International Education, 20(10), 1-19.
Carey, K. (2007). The shifting character of social and ethnic identity among African-American sojourners (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3283227)
Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and Identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clemens, C. R. (2002). A descriptive study of demographic characteristics and perceptions of cross cultural effectiveness of diverse students at Ohio university in relation to study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3062149)
Comp, D. (2008). U.S. heritage-seeking students discover minority communities in Western Europe. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(1), 29-37.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Crenshaw, K. (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and anti-racist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, p. 139-167.
Crenshaw, K. (2005). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In R. K. Bergen, J. L. Edleson, & C. M. Renzetti (Ed.), Violence against women: Classic papers (pp. 282-313). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.
Day-Vines, N., Barker, J. M., & Exum, H. A. (1998). Impact of diasporic travel on ethnic identity development of African American college students. College Student Journal, 32(3), 463-471.
Drexler, D. S., & Campbell, D. F. (2011). Student development among community college participants in study abroad programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 35, 608-619.
Emert, H. A., & Pearson, D. L. (2007). Expanding the vision of international education: Collaboration, assessment, and intercultural development. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2007(138), 67-75.
Fels, M. D. (1993). Assumptions of African-American students about international education exchange. Internationalizing the Speech Communication Curriculum: International Students and Multiculturalism in American Higher Education, pp. 1-22.
Fryer, C. & Wong, L. (1998). Sexual harassment: Experiences of Japanese women studying in Canada. TESL Canada Journal 15(2). 75-78.
Guerrero, E., Jr. (2006). The road less traveled: Latino students and the impact of studying abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3249418)
Hadis, B. F. (2005). Why are they better students when they come back?: Determinants of academic focusing gains in the study abroad experience. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 11, 57-70.
Harden, R. (2007). Identities in motion: An autoethnography of an African American woman’s journey to Burkina Faso, Benin, and Ghana (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3262332)
Hembroff, L. A., & Rusz, D. L. (1993). . Minorities and overseas studies programs: Correlates of differential participation. New York, New York: Council on International Educational Exchange. (Eric document reproduction service no. ED368283)
Hill Collins, P. H. (1993). The sexual politics of black womanhood. In E. G. Moran (Ed.), Violence against women: The bloody footprints (pp. 85-104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Ng, H. (2004). Sojourners’ truth: Intergenerational conflict and racial identity attitudes among second-generation Asian American participants in college study abroad programs in Asia (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 2004-99013-052)
hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hunter,B., White, G. P., & Godbey, G. C. (2006). What does it mean to be globally competent? Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 267-285
Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pedersen, & Allen, W. (1999). Enacting diverse learning environments: Improving the climate for racial/ethnic diversity in higher education, 26(8). Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development: ASHE-ERIC Report.
Shulock, N., Moore, C., Offenstein, J., Kirlin, M. (2008). It Could Happen: Unleashing the Potential of California’s Community Colleges to Help Students Succeed and California Thrive. Retrieved from California State University, Sacramento, Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Policy website: http://www.csus.edu/ihelp/PDFs/R_ItCouldHappen_02-08.pdf
Ingraham, E. C., & Peterson, D. L. (2004). Assessing the impact of study abroad in student learning at Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/vol10-05_IngrahamPeterson.pdf
Institute of International Education (2008). Study Abroad White Paper Series: Meeting America’s Global Education Challenge. Expanding education abroad at U.S. Community colleges. Retrieved from file://localhost/from http/::www.iie.org:Research-and-Publications:Publications-and-Reports:IIE-Bookstore:Expanding-Education-Abroad-at-US-Community-Colleges
Jackson, M. J. (2006). Traveling shoes: Study abroad experiences of African American students participating in California State University international programs (Doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304909330? accountid=10351
Jayakumar, U. M. (2008, Winter). Can higher education meet the needs of an increasingly diverse and global society? Campus diversity and cross cultural workforce competencies. Harvard Educational Review, 78(4), 615-651.
Kasravi, J. (2009). Factors influencing the decision to study abroad for students of color: Moving beyond the barriers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3371866)
Kuh, G. (2011). Inspiring success on a dime: growing and enhancing high impact practices and high quality opportunities while maximizing resources. [Powerpoint presentation]. NAFSA Region VI Drive Conference April 13, 2011, University of Riverside, California.
Landau, J., & Moore, D. C. (2001). Towards reconciliation in the motherland: Race, class, nationality, gender, and the complexities of American student presence at the University of Legon. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 25, 25-59.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lindsey, E. W. (2005). Study abroad and values development in social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(2),229-249.
Locklin, R. B. (2010). Weakness, belonging, and the Intercordia experience: The logic and limits of dissonance as a transformative learning tool. Teaching Theology and Religion, 13(1), 3-14.
Locks, A., Hurtado, S., & Bowman, N. A. (2008). Extending notions of campus climate and diversity to students transition to college. The Review of Higher Education, 31(3), 257-285.
Malmgren, J., & Galvin, J. (2008). Effects of study abroad participation on student graduation rates: A study of three incoming freshmen cohorts at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. National Association of Academic Advising Association Journal, 28(1), 29-42.
Milem, J. F., Chang, M. J., & Antonio, A. L. (2005). Making diversity work on campus: A research-based perspective. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges and Universities.
Morgan, R., M., Mwegelo, D. T., & Turner, L. N. (2002). Black women in the African diaspora seeking their cultural heritage through studying abroad. NASPA Journal, 39(4), 333-353.
Neff, L., R. (2001). Discovering heritage and more by studying abroad. Black Issues in Higher Education, 18(12), 38-39.
Niser, J. C. (2010). Study abroad education in New England higher education: A pilot survey. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(1), 48-55.
Paige, R. M., Fry, G. W., Stallman, E. M., Josic, J., & Jon, J. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long-term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20, S29-S44.
Penn, E. B., & Tanner, J. (2009). Black students and international education: An assessment. Journal of Black Studies, 40(2), 266-282.
Pierce, C. (1974). Psychiatric problems of the Black minority. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 512-523). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Pierce, C. (1995). Stress analogs of racism and sexism: Terrorism, torture, and disaster. In C. Willie, P. Rieker, B. Kramer, & B. Brown (Eds.), Mental health, racism and sexism (pp. 277-293). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Raby, R. L. (1998). Looking to the future: Report on California Community College international and global education program. A report on activities funded by the Chancellor’s Office for the California Community Colleges 1997-1999 Fund for Instructional Improvement Research Grant. Sacramento, CA: Chancellor’s Office.
Raby, R. L., & Valeau, E. J. (2007). Community college international education: Looking back to forecast the future. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2007(138), 5-14. doi:10.1002/cc.276
Ramirez-Clemens, C. (2002). A descriptive study of demographic characteristics and perceptions of cross-cultural effectiveness of diverse students at Ohio university in relation to study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3062149)
Rawlins, R. (2012). Whether I’m an American or not, I’m not here so you can hit on me”: Pblic harassment in the experience of U.S. women studying abroad. Women’s Studies. 41. 476-497.
Raymondi, M. D. (2005). Latino students explore racial and ethnic identity in a global context (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3153765)
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Scoffham, S., & Barnes, J. (2009). Transformational experiences and deep learning: The impact of an intercultural study visit to India on UK initial teacher education students. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, 35(3), 257-270.
Solórzano, D. (1998). Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 121-136.
Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1/2), 60-73.
Smith, W. A., Hung, M., & Franklin, J. D., (2011). Racial battle fatigue and the miseducation of black men: Racial microaggressions, societal problems, and environmental stress. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(1), 63-82.
Stallman, E. M. (2009). Intercultural competence and racial awareness in study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI Microform 3371916. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest LLC.
Sue, D.W., Capodilupo, C.M, Torino, G.C., Bucerri, J.M., Holder, A.M.B, Nadal, K.L., Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist. 62(4) 271-286.
Talburt, S., & Steward, M. A. (1999). What’s the subject of study abroad?: Race, gender, and ‘living culture.’ Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 163-175. doi:10.1111/ 0026-7902.00013
Tesoriero, F. (2006). Personal growth towards intercultural competence through an international field education programme. Australian Social Work, 59(2), 126-140.
Twombly, S.B. (1995). Piropos and friendships: Gender and culture clash in study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. 1. 1-27.
Wick, D. J. (2011). Study abroad for students of color: A third space for negotiating agency and identity. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, received from author on June 26, 2011).
Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371. doi:10.1177/1028315305277681
Willis, T. (2012). Rare but there: An intersectional exploration of the experiences and outcomes of Black women who studies abroad through community college programs. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. [3533746])
American Association of Community Colleges. (2012). Fast facts. Retrieved on April 20, 2012, from http://www.aacc.nche.edu/aboutcc/pages/fastfacts.aspx
Angelou, M. (1969). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York City, NY: Random House.
Angelou, M. (1978). And Still I Rise. New York City, NY: Random House.
Angelous, M. (1986). Poems. New York City, NY: Bantam.
Angelou, M. (2009). Letter to My Daughter. New York City, NY: Random House.
Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139.
Beausoleil, A. (2008). Understanding heritage and ethnic identity development through study abroad: The case of South Korea (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3330411)
Bennett, M. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R .M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Bennett, M. J. (2009). Defining, measuring, and facilitating intercultural learning: A conceptual introduction to the intercultural education double supplement. Intercultural Education, 20, 1-13. doi:10.1080/14675980903370763
Brux, J. M., & Fry, B. (2009). Multicultural students in study abroad: their interests, their issues, and their constraints. Journal of Studies in International Education, 20(10), 1-19.
Carey, K. (2007). The shifting character of social and ethnic identity among African-American sojourners (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3283227)
Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and Identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clemens, C. R. (2002). A descriptive study of demographic characteristics and perceptions of cross cultural effectiveness of diverse students at Ohio university in relation to study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3062149)
Comp, D. (2008). U.S. heritage-seeking students discover minority communities in Western Europe. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(1), 29-37.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Crenshaw, K. (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and anti-racist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, p. 139-167.
Crenshaw, K. (2005). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In R. K. Bergen, J. L. Edleson, & C. M. Renzetti (Ed.), Violence against women: Classic papers (pp. 282-313). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.
Day-Vines, N., Barker, J. M., & Exum, H. A. (1998). Impact of diasporic travel on ethnic identity development of African American college students. College Student Journal, 32(3), 463-471.
Drexler, D. S., & Campbell, D. F. (2011). Student development among community college participants in study abroad programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 35, 608-619.
Emert, H. A., & Pearson, D. L. (2007). Expanding the vision of international education: Collaboration, assessment, and intercultural development. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2007(138), 67-75.
Fels, M. D. (1993). Assumptions of African-American students about international education exchange. Internationalizing the Speech Communication Curriculum: International Students and Multiculturalism in American Higher Education, pp. 1-22.
Fryer, C. & Wong, L. (1998). Sexual harassment: Experiences of Japanese women studying in Canada. TESL Canada Journal 15(2). 75-78.
Guerrero, E., Jr. (2006). The road less traveled: Latino students and the impact of studying abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3249418)
Hadis, B. F. (2005). Why are they better students when they come back?: Determinants of academic focusing gains in the study abroad experience. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 11, 57-70.
Harden, R. (2007). Identities in motion: An autoethnography of an African American woman’s journey to Burkina Faso, Benin, and Ghana (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3262332)
Hembroff, L. A., & Rusz, D. L. (1993). . Minorities and overseas studies programs: Correlates of differential participation. New York, New York: Council on International Educational Exchange. (Eric document reproduction service no. ED368283)
Hill Collins, P. H. (1993). The sexual politics of black womanhood. In E. G. Moran (Ed.), Violence against women: The bloody footprints (pp. 85-104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Ng, H. (2004). Sojourners’ truth: Intergenerational conflict and racial identity attitudes among second-generation Asian American participants in college study abroad programs in Asia (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 2004-99013-052)
hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hunter,B., White, G. P., & Godbey, G. C. (2006). What does it mean to be globally competent? Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 267-285
Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pedersen, & Allen, W. (1999). Enacting diverse learning environments: Improving the climate for racial/ethnic diversity in higher education, 26(8). Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development: ASHE-ERIC Report.
Shulock, N., Moore, C., Offenstein, J., Kirlin, M. (2008). It Could Happen: Unleashing the Potential of California’s Community Colleges to Help Students Succeed and California Thrive. Retrieved from California State University, Sacramento, Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Policy website: http://www.csus.edu/ihelp/PDFs/R_ItCouldHappen_02-08.pdf
Ingraham, E. C., & Peterson, D. L. (2004). Assessing the impact of study abroad in student learning at Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/vol10-05_IngrahamPeterson.pdf
Institute of International Education (2008). Study Abroad White Paper Series: Meeting America’s Global Education Challenge. Expanding education abroad at U.S. Community colleges. Retrieved from file://localhost/from http/::www.iie.org:Research-and-Publications:Publications-and-Reports:IIE-Bookstore:Expanding-Education-Abroad-at-US-Community-Colleges
Jackson, M. J. (2006). Traveling shoes: Study abroad experiences of African American students participating in California State University international programs (Doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304909330? accountid=10351
Jayakumar, U. M. (2008, Winter). Can higher education meet the needs of an increasingly diverse and global society? Campus diversity and cross cultural workforce competencies. Harvard Educational Review, 78(4), 615-651.
Kasravi, J. (2009). Factors influencing the decision to study abroad for students of color: Moving beyond the barriers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3371866)
Kuh, G. (2011). Inspiring success on a dime: growing and enhancing high impact practices and high quality opportunities while maximizing resources. [Powerpoint presentation]. NAFSA Region VI Drive Conference April 13, 2011, University of Riverside, California.
Landau, J., & Moore, D. C. (2001). Towards reconciliation in the motherland: Race, class, nationality, gender, and the complexities of American student presence at the University of Legon. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 25, 25-59.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lindsey, E. W. (2005). Study abroad and values development in social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(2),229-249.
Locklin, R. B. (2010). Weakness, belonging, and the Intercordia experience: The logic and limits of dissonance as a transformative learning tool. Teaching Theology and Religion, 13(1), 3-14.
Locks, A., Hurtado, S., & Bowman, N. A. (2008). Extending notions of campus climate and diversity to students transition to college. The Review of Higher Education, 31(3), 257-285.
Malmgren, J., & Galvin, J. (2008). Effects of study abroad participation on student graduation rates: A study of three incoming freshmen cohorts at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. National Association of Academic Advising Association Journal, 28(1), 29-42.
Milem, J. F., Chang, M. J., & Antonio, A. L. (2005). Making diversity work on campus: A research-based perspective. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges and Universities.
Morgan, R., M., Mwegelo, D. T., & Turner, L. N. (2002). Black women in the African diaspora seeking their cultural heritage through studying abroad. NASPA Journal, 39(4), 333-353.
Neff, L., R. (2001). Discovering heritage and more by studying abroad. Black Issues in Higher Education, 18(12), 38-39.
Niser, J. C. (2010). Study abroad education in New England higher education: A pilot survey. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(1), 48-55.
Paige, R. M., Fry, G. W., Stallman, E. M., Josic, J., & Jon, J. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long-term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20, S29-S44.
Penn, E. B., & Tanner, J. (2009). Black students and international education: An assessment. Journal of Black Studies, 40(2), 266-282.
Pierce, C. (1974). Psychiatric problems of the Black minority. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 512-523). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Pierce, C. (1995). Stress analogs of racism and sexism: Terrorism, torture, and disaster. In C. Willie, P. Rieker, B. Kramer, & B. Brown (Eds.), Mental health, racism and sexism (pp. 277-293). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Raby, R. L. (1998). Looking to the future: Report on California Community College international and global education program. A report on activities funded by the Chancellor’s Office for the California Community Colleges 1997-1999 Fund for Instructional Improvement Research Grant. Sacramento, CA: Chancellor’s Office.
Raby, R. L., & Valeau, E. J. (2007). Community college international education: Looking back to forecast the future. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2007(138), 5-14. doi:10.1002/cc.276
Ramirez-Clemens, C. (2002). A descriptive study of demographic characteristics and perceptions of cross-cultural effectiveness of diverse students at Ohio university in relation to study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3062149)
Rawlins, R. (2012). Whether I’m an American or not, I’m not here so you can hit on me”: Pblic harassment in the experience of U.S. women studying abroad. Women’s Studies. 41. 476-497.
Raymondi, M. D. (2005). Latino students explore racial and ethnic identity in a global context (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (AAT 3153765)
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Scoffham, S., & Barnes, J. (2009). Transformational experiences and deep learning: The impact of an intercultural study visit to India on UK initial teacher education students. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, 35(3), 257-270.
Solórzano, D. (1998). Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 121-136.
Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1/2), 60-73.
Smith, W. A., Hung, M., & Franklin, J. D., (2011). Racial battle fatigue and the miseducation of black men: Racial microaggressions, societal problems, and environmental stress. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(1), 63-82.
Stallman, E. M. (2009). Intercultural competence and racial awareness in study abroad (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI Microform 3371916. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest LLC.
Sue, D.W., Capodilupo, C.M, Torino, G.C., Bucerri, J.M., Holder, A.M.B, Nadal, K.L., Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist. 62(4) 271-286.
Talburt, S., & Steward, M. A. (1999). What’s the subject of study abroad?: Race, gender, and ‘living culture.’ Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 163-175. doi:10.1111/ 0026-7902.00013
Tesoriero, F. (2006). Personal growth towards intercultural competence through an international field education programme. Australian Social Work, 59(2), 126-140.
Twombly, S.B. (1995). Piropos and friendships: Gender and culture clash in study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. 1. 1-27.
Wick, D. J. (2011). Study abroad for students of color: A third space for negotiating agency and identity. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, received from author on June 26, 2011).
Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371. doi:10.1177/1028315305277681
Willis, T. (2012). Rare but there: An intersectional exploration of the experiences and outcomes of Black women who studies abroad through community college programs. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. [3533746])
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2015-11-11
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Willis, T. Y. (2015). “And Still We Rise…”: Microaggressions and Intersectionality in the Study Abroad Experiences of Black Women. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 26(1), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v26i1.367
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